Communists leave government over currency reform and Marshall Plan - beginning of Cold War
Several issues, including privatization, social insurance, housing
Half-enforced resignation of Raab because of party strategy vis-à-viscoalition partner
Gorbach lost confidence vote in party executive
SPÖ attempting at winning absolute majority
Voluntary resignation of the Chancellor after defeat of SPÖ in presidential election
Schüssel terminated coalition leading to dissolution of the legislature and early elections, stating his party could no longer effectively work with FPÖ due to internal strife within FPÖ.
Early elections held after premature dissolution of the legislature
The ruling coalition collapsed and early elections were held after ÖVP claimed they could no longer work with SPÖ.
Faymann resigned under intra-party fire and attempts to replace him as party leader and Chancellor
New ÖVP leader Kurz enforces early elections to bring home his lead in the polls.
FPÖ Interior Minister Herbert Kickl was dismissed on May 22, 2019, following the so-called Ibiza affair that had already resulted in the resignation of FPÖ Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache. FPÖ withdrew from the cabinet and joined the opposition in a motion of no confidence against the government.
The motion for a no-confidence of Kurz's government has received a majority in The National Council
PM Löger only remained in office for a few days until the President could appoint a new caretaker government to remain in office until early elections would be held
Schallenberg decided to leave as he believed that the leader of the party should be a Chancellor
Did not pass invesiture vote in lower house
Parliament vote against Minister of Justice (politics interference in the Judiciary), dismissal and cabinet solidarity
Conflict over coal prices and governmental decisions over mining industry led to Communist ministers' resignation
Early dissolution due to internal dissensions, after different conflicts: referendum on King's question in and Minister of Justice policy over repression leading to a reshuffle in 1948, and finally dissensus between partners over financing unemployment benefits
Cabinet crisis after the referendum over the King's question. A first government resignation had been refused in order to dissolve parliament.
Leopold III resigns (because of violent demonstrations), his son Baudouin becomes Royal Prince
The CVP decided to change their Prime Minister
Language issue, transfer of the French-speaking section of the University of Louvain out of Dutch-speaking territory
Expectations of good electoral results for outgoing coalition
Language issue in a small commune (Fourons)
Enlargment of minority government (joining of the RW)
The process of federalisation is too slow for the RW ministers
Egmont pact: Regionalization, conflict over the status of Brussels
Conflict over regionalization (Brussels in particular). The FDF ministers have to leave the cabinet.
Economic and defense (missiles crisis) policies
Crisis over state support to steel industry in Wallonia. The PS ministers went on strike in order to force their partners to allow these subsidies
Heysel drama and the foreseen education federalization
Arms trade leads to dismissal of VU ministers
Federalization (Regions and Communities' competencies), resignation refused by the King and caretaker Government before constitutional revision and regular election
Expectation of good electoral result for outgoing coalition
The two E Party ministers left the government over disagreements about night flights over Brussels.
Verhofstadt, who had headed a caretaker cabinet since the July 2007 general election, resigned when a new government could be formed.
Resignation due to a long-running scandal of government interference with justice in the sale of Fortis bank (which had just been bailed out by the government). The Minister of Justice stepped down and on the proposal of the PM the rest of the cabinet followed.
Van Rompuy resigned after being elected President of the European Council
VLD left the cabinet after accusing the Francophone cabinet members of blocking attempts to divide the Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde electoral district along linguistic lines
N-VA wanted to force PM (and cabinet) to renege on promise made to the United Nations that Belgium would ratify the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration
PM Michel could not find support in parliament for his minority government. Socialists and Greens announced they would introduce a non-confidence motion but PM did not wait and offered his resignation to the King.
No confidence vote and elections due to foreign policy statements of PM (Danish/German borders)
Lack of success in fighting economic difficulties
Defeat in parliament and economic problems (voluntary resignation)
Elections required in process of amending constitution
Elections called to improve government's bargaining position (taxation policy)
Parliamentary defeat and elections (economic problems caused by british devaluation)
Prime minister decided to leave politics (non-political reasons)
Defeat in parliament (taxation policy) interpreted as result of split in S party group
Elections called to improve bargaining position with respect to economic crisis legislation. No confidence vote after elections
Election called to improve government's bargaining position (economic policy)
Private' negotiations result in coalition of S and V
Election called because of conflict between coalition parties and economic policies
Government called election upon defeat on economic issue
Government resigned voluntarily. Could not obtain support for desired policies
Budget proposal defeated. Early election
Government defeated on security policy issue. Early elections
Elections called to improve government's bargaining position (economic policy)
Prime minister decided to resign (possibly anticipating defeat in parliament because of 'scandal' ('Tamilsagen'))
An early election was called, 4 months before end of term, possibly to capitalize on a surge of popularity following Rasmussen's support for the United States' invasion of Iraq
Elections 15 months before end of term, possibly to benefit from strong government popularity due to strong economic performance and low unemployment. The election was also a constitutional precondition for passing an amendment to the succession to the throne act introducing full primogeniture gender equality.
Fogh Rasmussen resigned to take over as the head of NATO (non-political)
Early elections were called for September 15, two months before end of term. The government had just reached an agreement with DFP on economic reforms, and polling improving for the government parties, although the government still went into the campaign behind in the polls.
SF withdrew from the cabinet due to internal party instability over the sale of government shares in DONG Energy
Early elections called, three months before end of term, possibly to capitlize on government popularity due to strong economic performance
Government enlargement as a result of bargaining over major economic reform had failed, and a threat from NA to topple the government over tax policies. The government enlargement may have prevented early election or government resignation.
Elections held 12 days before end of term.
Withdrawn support from Radikale due to the result of the commission's raport on 2020 Mink Scandal.
Early election to solve parliamentary deadlock
Dissatisfaction with a non-partisan government
PM Sukselainen sentenced for malfeasance
The president had not accepted the government's resignation request. The cabinet suffered from several internal policy conflicts, mainly concerning economy
Single-party government replaced by coalition
VIHR withdrew from the cabinet after a decision to build new nuclear power plants was made
Tarja Halonen was the first president elected under the new rules in March 2000.
Jäätteenmäki resigned following accusations of leaking classified information about the Iraq war.
SKDL withdrew from the cabinet due to reductions in welfare provisions in the 2015 budget proposal.
Katainen withdrew as both party chairman of KOK and as Prime Minister in order to pursue an international career
VIHR withdrew from the coalition after a positive cabinet vote on allowing the construction of a new nuclear power plant in northern Finland.
SMP (The Finns) split in two (SMP & SIN) after Jussi Halla-aho was elected as chair of the party in June 2017. Cabinet members of the old SMP stayed in the cabinet but defected from SMP to SIN.
Mishandling of postal strike. Centre Party announced that lost confidence in the government. Resignation of the PM
Conflict on Algeria and related referendum between President Charles de Gaulle et Prime minister Debré
The president counter-signs all decrees signed by the Prime Minister. He has decree power regarding very important and specific decisions, such as the appointment of ministers and very important functions, or the decision to dissolve the Assembly or to call a referendum.
Censure vote after President De Gaulle announced a referendum on a constitutional reform ; De Gaulle rejects Pompidou's resignation and dissolves the Assembly.
May 1968 events - Early legislative election
Presidential election following De Gaulle's resignation
Conflict on prime minister's powers between President and Prime Minister (who is also affected by scandals)
Presidential election following the death of President Pompidou
Conflict between PM and President on prime minister's powers
Poor result of the majority at the municipal elections
Legislative elections following dissolution by President Mitterrand
Following massive mobilizations against a law on education policy, President Mitterrand cancels the bill. The minister for education resigns, soon followed by the Prime minister
Internal majority conflict (opposition between Prime minister Rocard and President Mitterrand)
Poor showing at regional elections; high unemployment; very unpopular Prime minister + Internal majority conflict
Legislative elections following dissolution by President Chirac
Legislative election. The single UDF representative in the cabinet after the reshuffle was ostracized by his party.
After losing the referendum on the EU constitutional treaty, Raffarin resigned.
Referendum on EU issues since the 2005 constitutional law
After PS suffered considerable losses in the 2014 municipal elections, President Hollande replaced Ayrault with Valls
Faced with growing internal contestation (after Minister Montebourg openly criticized his political line), M. Valls resigns.
Several Green leaders decide to join government. They leave their party and found the "ecologist party", resulting in a new party composition of government.
Prime minister Manuel Valls decides to be candidate to the 2017 presidential election and resigns.
The Prime Minister has been elected the Mayor of La Havre
The PM resigned after Macron's re-election
Borne was compelled to resign by President Macron following dissent within the government coalition and cabinet after the passage of an immigration and asylum bill initiated by President Macron, which was ultimately supported by RN.
President  Macron (Ensemble) called a snap election following the European Parliament in which National Rally (RN) received most votes.
Barnier lost a vote of no confidence on the 4th of december 2024
On September 8, Prime Minister Bayrou lost a vote of confidence, in the parliament. Prime Minister Bayrou had called the vote to rally support for the government's budget plan.
On October 6, Lecornu announced his resignation due to backlash over the cabinet appointment.
GB/BHE split, majority of party withdraw  from coalition, minister wing remain in government and later join the CDS/CSU
FDP split, majority of party withdraw from coalition, minister wing remain in government and later merge with the DP
DP split, majority of party withdraw from the coalition, minister emain in government
FDP withdraw from the coalition on 19 Nov. 1962
CDU/CSU minority government; FDP rejoin the coalition on 11 Dec. 1962 after Adenauer has promised his resignation
Change of chancellor, no change in coalition
FDP withdraws from the coalition on 28 Oct. 1966
CDU/CSU minority government; formation of grand coalition
General election. The Grand Coalition was perceived by all parties to be a transitory arrangement
Government lose manoiryt after a series of defections and calls an early election after being defeated in a vote of confidence
Change of chancellor, no changes in coalition
FDP withdraws from the coalition on 17 Sept. 1982
SDP minority government; Schmidt replaced by Kohl through construcitve vote of no confidence
Early election  after FDPP's change of coalition during a legislative term
The governing coalition had intentionally lost a vote of no confidence in order to trigger early elections, and the legal challenges raised against this were dismissed by the supreme court in August
FDP left the coalition in a dispute over the budget. Scholz's cabinet lost a vote of confidence.
Karamanlis resigned in order to take up the office of the President of the Republic
The Rallis government submitted its resignation to the President of the Republic. The reasons stated for the resignation were trivial (the proximity of the four year cut-off point with the festive season, the damage done to the economy by the prolonged pre-electoral period. etc. The political reasons were the loss of public popularity of the government, whose PM Rallis was seen as a substitute for the previous PM (Karamanlis), infighting in the government majority and the rapidly increasing popularity of PASOK that was on its way to win the next election by a landslide)
The Papandreou  government submitted its resignation to the President of the Republic, putting forward reasons of 'national importance' , in particular the need to take forward the amendment of the Greek Constitution and significant developments in the Cyprus issue. (According to the Greek Constitution the resignation of a government followed by legislative elections is possible when a matter of 'grave national importance' requires a fresh madate from the people).
Early elections were held after the Tzannetakis government had fulfilled its mandate. The later involved the referal to trial in a Special Court of the former PM Andreas Papandreou and a small number of his former Ministers for allegations of corruption.
Grivas' caretaker government had a limited mandate: to conduct early elections. It resigned immediately after completing its task.
Early elections were held after Parliament had failed to elect a new President of the Republic after three rounds of voting (constitutional provision). The three government parties failed to agree on a common candidate for the Presidency
The Mitsotakis  government submitted its resignation to the President of the Republic, putting forward reasons of 'national importance' , in particular developments in Former Yugoslavia, significant developments in the Cyprus issue and the Greek Presidency of the EU. However, this took place againt the background of internal infighting in his own governing party (his foreign minister Antonis Samaras had left and founded a new party Politiki Anoixi) and the threatened loss of his very slim parliamentary majority.
Andreas Papandreou resigned due to falling terminally ill
The Simitis I  government submitted its resignation to the President of the Republic, putting forward reasons of 'national importance' , in particular developments in the Euroepan Union, the Balkans, Turkey and Cyprus. The background was the need to receive a fresh parliamentary mandate, given that he had been the PM select of the governing PASOK (replacing A Papandreou) and had won an investiture vote but his government did not carry the legitimation of a popular election.
The Simitis II  government submitted its resignation to the President of the Republic, putting forward reasons of 'national importance' , in particular the country's admission to the Eurozone.
The Simitis III  government submitted its resignation to the President of the Republic, putting forward reasons of 'national importance'.
The Karamanlis I  government submitted its resignation to the President of the Republic, putting forward reasons of 'national importance'.
The Karamanlis II  government submitted its resignation to the President of the Republic, putting forward reasons of 'national importance', in particular, educational and economic reforms as well as the drafitng of the 2008 budget
Georgios Papandreou resigned after his government narrowly survived a vote of no confidence on November 5. Papandreou had been heavily criticized for announcing a referendum on a new, second, bailout package without informing other cabinet members or EU officials.
LAOS withdrew from the coalition in advance of a crucial vote in Parliament regarding a package of austerity measures associated with the 2nd bailout package. LAOS refused to back the government measures in the Parliament
Pre-planned early elections were held after the Papademos government had fulfilled its mandate, i.e to complete negotiations for the 2nd bail-out package and pass through Parliament the associated austerity measures.
Pikramenos caretaker government had a limited mandate: to conduct early elections. It resigned immediately after completing its task.
DIMAR withdrew from the coalition after the government decided to abolish the Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation and fire its employees.
Early elections were held  after Parliament had failed to elect a new President of the Republic following three rounds of voting (according to the Greek Constitution this automatically leads to legislative elections).
The Tsipras government lost its parliamentary majority after a third of SYRIZA members failed to support a government proposal to implement further austerity measures as a precondition to receiving a third bailout package from the EU and IMF (passing with opposition support on July 16 and August 13 respectively). The dissenting MPs formed the new party and parliamentary group, Popular Unity (LAE).
Thanou-Christophilou's caretaker government had a limited mandate: to conduct early elections. It resigned immediately after completing its task.
The minor government partner ANEL withdrew from the coalition after a prolonged disagreement over the government's forging of the Prespes agreement. This was a bilateral agreement forged between Greece and the Republic of North Macedonia to settle a historical dispute over the name of the later. ANEL contested the agreement on patriotic lines. It was unable to vote down the Prespes Agreement in Parliament while staying in government since they considered this a core issue of principle for their party. They hence left the government on these grounds.
PM Tsipras called a snap election after SYRIZA's comparatively poor result in the European Parliament elections.
Presidential refusal to countersign legislation does not prevent an act from taking effect but it must be referred to a binding referendum
Oddson was replaced by Foreign Minister Asgrimsson as part of a 2003 coalition deal.
Asgrimsson resigned after his party performed poorly in the May 2004 local elections.
The coalition fell after the SDA/SDA  demanded a change in leadership of the coalition, from the IP to the SDA/SDA
Sigurdardottir had lead a caretaker government until the previously scheduled early elections were held in April, 2009.
Gunnlaugsson stepped down as PM after he had been implicated in the Panama Papers scandal
An early election had been promised in relation to Gunnlaugsson's resignation although no date was mentioned.
The coalition collapsed in september after BF grew unhappy with an IP minister and ended the coalition
Jakobsdottir resigned to run in the 2024 presidential election.
The coalition fell after several disagreements within policy areas such as foreign policy, asylum and energy.
First popularly elected president in 1945. President does not have veto powers per se, but can not sign legislation and refer it to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality. Regarding dissolution of parliament, the President retains a constitutional right (Article 13.2.2) to refuse to dissolve parliament on the request of a Taoiseach (PM) who no longer has majority support in parliament.
Minister for Health (Noel Browne of CnP) proposes a 'Mother and Child' policy to tackle infant mortality.  The Catholic Hierarchy judged that it was contrary to Catholic social teaching and pretty much instructed the cabinet to vote against it.  Most of the cabinet oppose Browne, then the CnP leader (McBride who was the only other CnP cabinet member) wins the authority of his party's executive committee to ask for Browne's resignation from cabinet.  In practice, the CnP leader sacks his only party colleague from cabinet.  This indirectly leads to an earlyelection.  Lost vote on milk prices when 3 TDs defect
Minority government lost 2 by-elections and Ind's defect
Deep economic recession. New IRA campaign of violence leads to strong rank and file pressure on the CnP to withdraw their external support of cabinet. In Jan 1957 CnP stated that it would table a non-confidence vote.. Calls election to avoid confidence vote
PM voluntarily resigns (retires) to allow succession
Lemass (PM), confident in victory after by-election successes during 1964, calls early election (wins 50% of seats)
PM voluntarioy resigns (retires) to allow succession (also had heart disease)
Election to consolidate PM's position within party. Won overall majority with fewer votes!
Had become a minority government; election called to restore position (intense factionalism in FF over NI policy; ministers sacked)
1973- oil crisis. Prices rise by 90% during coalitions 4 year tenure. Government calls election, then commissions an opinion poll, finding it is way behind FF! The cabinet voted for the early election.
PM resigns (retires) to allow succession (also backbench dissent in loss of European and by-elections)
Haughey seeks personal mandate (sharp factionalism among FF leadership)
Defeated on its Budget (first division on beer prices!). Budget deficit running at 10% of GNP.
PM Haghey faces a motion of no-confidence tabled by a meber of his own party. Wins but in response two of his cabinet members resign. Undermined by factionalism and scandals, government loses confidence motion
High in the polls, FF gambles on an early opportunistic election
Intense factionalism within FF; PM forced to resign by an ultimatum from coalition partner
PD's withdraw from government after sharp personal conflict with PM
Conflict between PM and Labour leader. PM resigns but Labour still leaves the government
No conflict: a popular three-party government holds an early election and loses
Ahern resigned after having become involved in a corruption case.
Opinion poll - FF at 14%, leds to leadership conflict in FF.   Martin votes against Cowan on a confidence motion, and has to resign. The Greens left the cabinet citing difficulties working with FF, in particular because of its leadership situation, where Cowen had resigned as leader of FF but wished to remain as PM - a proposal the Greens refused to accept.
Cowen requested that the President dissolve the Dáil on February 1, with early elections to be held on February 25. Between the Green's withdrawal from the cabinet in January and the request to dissolve the Dáil, the government managed to pass an expedited budget through the Dáil.
PM voluntarily resigns due to coallition agreement
PM Varadkar announced his resignation as leader of Fine Gael as well asTaoiseach on March 20, 2024 after two referendums on changing wordings in the constitution.
Voluntary resignment to accelerate the exclusion of the left parties
During the life of the cabinet the PSLI decided to leave the coalition. The cabinet resigned voluntarily to recuperate the coalition partner
Again troubles inside PSDI and conflicts with the largest coalition party about social reforms
The cabinet did not pass the investiture vote (lower chamber)
Resignment after a negative negotiation with the parliamentary groups of the DC
Again troubles among the DC factions, and conflicts about economic policy (with PLI)
Conflict between the government and the PRI and PSDI over agrarian reform
The minority cabinet keeps on to the end of the Legislature, but it formally resigns before (because of internal conflicts inside DC)
Split in the PSDI and personal conflicts between Fanfani and the PRI leaders
The PLI withdraws its external support mainly because of different opinions about economic policy
The MSI's support for the cabinet caused social tensions and conflicts inside the DC (three ministers resigned)
Convergenza democratica cabinet, before the DC congress which decided the enlargement of the coalition to include PSI
Bridge cabinet to take time before a fully-fledged centre-left coalition
Mechanism: Defeat in parliament (over a decree about the private schools). This was also a pause for the coalition required because of intra-party conflicts (DC) and the need of a renegotiation of the local electoral test (Sicily).
Transitory cabinet to re-negotiate the coalition
Problems among DC factions all along the cabinet's duration. The cause of termination was the resignment of three ministers from PSDI after the new split.
Tension between the DC and the secular parties (especially the PSI) over the divorce issue did not allow the cabinet to face parliament
Impact of local election results and formation of local coalitions between the PCI and PSI
Conflict between PRI and DC on economic policy
The cabinet did not pass the investiture vote (Senate). This event caused early elections.
Personal conflict between two ministers who were supported by their respective parties
One party (PSDI) asked for the end of the coalition with a number of policy criticisms. Personal conflicts were also visible.
Victory of the left in the local elections (1975). Formal mechanism: The PSI withdrew its external support, criticizing the economic policy of the cabinet.
Again troubles over economic policy; effects of the final battle on divorce (the 1974 referendum), plus the effected of the Lockheed Scandal caused early elections
The support of the PCI remained safe only during the terrorist emergency. Among the new policy divisions the most important was the question of the entrance into the European Monetary System
The cabinet did not pass investiture vote (Senate)
Prime ministers resignment without parliamentary vote and immediate reappointment, in order to include the PSI in the coalition after the intra-party agreements within DC (new secretary) and the PSI (now ready to return to government)
Parliamentary cabinet defeat (lower chamber) on the economic decree. But signs of dissolution even before that
Mechanism: The PSI leaders did not attend a crisis summit of the party leaders, what was perceived by the prime minister as their willingness to terminate the cabinet. But the effect of the abortion battle (referendum lost by Catholics) and the involvement of some ministers in the P2 scandal determined the crisis
Retirement of PSI ministers after the defeat of a decree signed by a PSI minister. Personal conflicts among ministers and more complicated games about micro budgeting
Technical reason: defeat of cabinet on its decree about local finance. Before that a policy conflict in foreign policy (Sigonella affair) and the beginning of the personal duel between Mr. Craxi and the DC secretary
The cabinet did not pass investiture vote (lower chamber)
Defeat of the financial bill (already delayed out of the financial year). A number of criticisms about different policies between DC and PSI.
Extra-parliamentary crisis determined at the end of the PSI congress.
Primary reason of crisis: conflict within the DC about TV regulation. After the replacement of some ministers a number of personal conflicts among parties and ministers.
Voluntary resignation of the prime minister after the results of referenda (which meant, impossibility to put a majority together on different issues). But an important cause was also the dramatic decline in legitimacy of the political class (‘mani pulite’ investigation etc.).
Cabinet formed only to implement electoral and economic reforms before a new early election.
The conflict was mainly personal (between the LN leader, who withdrew his party's ministers from cabinet) and Mr Berlusconi. There was also a conflict between LN and AN about the federal reform.
Temporary cabinet to complete some reforms before the early elections.
After the decision of RC (Ex Left) to revoke the support to the cabinet, the PM asked a confidence vote which failed for one vote. During previous months there were policy conflicts between the government coalition (Ulivo) and Ex Left.
PCI-PDS-DS, PPI, UDR-UDEUR, RI, PdCI, Verdi, SDI
SDI withdrew from the cabinet, arguing that D'Alema was too uncharismatic to win the next general election.
PCI-PDS-DS, PPI, Dem., UDR-UDEUR, PdCI, RI, Verdi
D'Alema resigned after heavy losses in the regional elections. Analysts attributed the defeat of the ruling coalition to internal strife within the coalition.
PCI-PDS-DS, PPI, Dem., PdCI, Verdi, UDR-UDEUR, RI, SDI
Following a negative result in the regional elections for the governing coalition, UDC withdrew from the coalition over Berlusconi's refusal to amend the government program or call early elections. AN also threatened to withdraw. Both also criticized Berlusconi for the influence he gave LN within the coalition, whose policy positions UDC and AN considered as one of the reasons for the electoral defeat. Berlusconi finally resigned on April 20 2005.
PD, Ex Left, RnP, IdV, Verdi, PdCI, UDR-UDEUR
A minister who previously was member of DS left the parliamentary group of Ulivo-PD and became member of a new parliamentary group (SD).
PD, Ex Left, RnP, SD, IdV, Verdi, PdCI, UDR-UDEUR
The government lost a vote of confidence in the Senate on January 24 2008, prompting Prodi's resignation. The President of the Republic hence dissolving parliament to make way for early elections. The crisis was triggered by the Justice Minister, who went under investigation for corruption.
A minister, who was previously member of PDL, left the PDL parliamentary group to get affiliated to another new parliamentary group (FLI).
The FLI parliamentary group withdrew its support to the government.
A new party (PT-CN) entered the government.
Berlusconi resigned amidst pressure from LN, from the Finance Minister, and from the President of the Republic.
FI-PdL, PD, CCD-CDU-UDC, FLI, PT-CN, IdV, CD, MpA
Monti resigned after passing the 2013 budget, having lost the external support of PdL the month prior.
After the government refused to offer immunity from prosecution to Berlusconi, PdL withdrew from the government. PdL also suffered a split in the process, as a number of its deputies and all of its ministers formed the NCD and remained in the government.
Letta resigned after losing a vote of no confidence undertaken by the PD party executive.
The only minister affiliated with SC left the SC parliamentary group to become member of the PD.
Renzi resigned after the defeat in the Constitutional referendum of December 4 2016.
The results of the European elections of May 2019 made clear that the League (LN) had surpassed the M5S in terms of popularity. This prompted the League’s leader Salvini to claim greater room for manoeuvre within the government. In early August, the government coalition appeared split in parliament on the construction of the Turin-Lyon high-speed railway. The PM Conte resigned after a parliamentary motion of no-confidence was tabled (and then withdrew) by the League.
Conte resigned after IV withdraw from the coalition and its support
Socialist Trade Union aimed at breaking the coalition. The railway issue opposed CSV and LSAP
PM Bech overworked, wanted a secretary of state to help him in his Foreign Affairs remit. LSAP ministers refused. Bech decided to quit. Voluntary resignation
CSV deputies voted with the opposition against LSAP Transports Minister Bodson. LSAP ministers decide to leave the government
PM Santer quit to become European Commission President. Voluntary resignation.
Juncker resigned on July 11, 2013, after a parliamentary inquiry had found him accountable for dysfunctions within the SREL. Early elections were held on October 20, after the dissolution of parliament had been postponed.
The cabinet resigned after a report released by the Dutch Institute for War Documentation, from which Kok drew the conclusion that Dutch UN troops had failed to prevent the fall of Srebrenica in 1995. The government remained in office in a caretaker capacity until the May elections, however.
The government resigned after infighting in LPF paralyzed the ruling coalition.
D66 withdrew from the coalition over controversional statements made by Minister for Immigration and Integration, Rita Verdonk of VVD. The government then survived a vote of no confidence initiated by D66, but resigned anyway and called early elections.
PvdA left the ruling coalition over policy disagreements on the Dutch troop presence in Afghanistan. Early elections were called for June 9.
Early elections scheduled in February after PvdA left the coalition (see above, cabinet collapse).
The government resigned on 23 April 2012 after it lost the external support of PVV, on which it relied for majority status in the lower house. Early elections were called for 12 September 2012.
Concerns the selection of the (in)formateur in the House of Representatives
The cabinet fell over a failure to reach an agreement on the treatment on refugees, where a proposal from CDA would accord different status to war refugees and other refugees. VVD supported the proposal whilte it was opposed by D66 and CU. Rutte tendered his cabinet's resignation to the King on July 8, 2024.
PVV withdrew from government on the 3rd of June due to disagreement on asylum policy.
NSB withdrew from the government on August 22 after disagreeing with VVD and BBB ministers on pressuring Israel following the IDF's invasion of Gaza City
Government cover-up of 'Kings Bay' accident
Personal retirement due to poor health in the face of intensifying leadership conflict in the Labor Party
Bondevik resigned after losing a vote of no confidence in Stortinget.
KRF became part of the coalition, thus forming Solberg III.
The Progress Party announced that they were leaving the coalition over the government's decision to bring home a Norwegian citizen with ties to ISIS from a detention centre in Syria. The departure was formalized on January 24, 2020.
The coalition collapsed over EU energy dispute when SP quit.
Motion of confidence failed in the Assembly of Republic
President shall hold the electoral results in mind
Majority (for organic laws: 2/3)  + pocket veto
Inter-party conflict between coalition partners
Government was not approved by Assembly of the Republic
Government lacked support in the Assembly of the Republic
Caretaker government until interim election of Dec. 1979
Death of prime minister after airplane crash
Intra-party conflict (PSD), and inter-party conflict
Inter-party conflict, withdrawal of PSD ministers
in regard of the electoral results and after consultations of parliament
Mário Soares, elected in 1986, was the first newly president after new rules had been established
After PS suffered a crushing defeat in the municipal elections held in late 2001, Guterres resigned as PM and leader of PS, and early elections were called by President Sampaio.
Barroso stepped down in order to take office as the President of the European Commission.
The legislature was dissolved and early elections were called after Santana Lopes had publicly expressed his wish to see it dissolved two weeks earlier. A lack of popular support was one of the reasons.
Socrates resigned after the government lost an important vote in parliament on new austerity measures.
The government programme was not approved by parliament
PM Costa's chief of staff was detained on suspicion of corruption in lithium mining and green hydrogen deals. PM Costa was also implicated.
The government called for a motion of confidence following allegations of conflicts of interest in relation to the Prime Minister's family business. The government lost a vote of confidence on the 11th of March 2025 and called for an early election.
Early elections were called after the new democratic constitution was approved.
On other monitoring capabilities: Deputy PMs, other general & policy specific coordinating committees
The monarch can nominate, or re-nominate PM candidates within a two-month period from the first investiture vote. Each candidate begins (again) at round 1.
General strike; end of European Presidency
The government's budget proposal was defeated in parliament because a  support party refused to support it. Corruption and abuse of authority scandals. End of European Presidency
Early elections precipitated by a lack of public support due to Spain's economic crisis.
Inability to form a government triggered new elections.
National Court's verdict found that the PP participated in extensive corruption in the so-called Gürtel case on May 24, 2018.
The government's budget proposal was defeated in parliament.
Center Party joins Social Democrats in cabinet in times of concern for national economy
Coalition breaks up, the issue of mandatory public pension funds (ATP) is the deciding one
Extra elections held, the pension fund issue is dominant
PM Erlander resigns after 23 years as party leader
Social Democratic cabinet resigns after election defeat. The Swedish nuclear power program had been the most salient issue in the election campaign.
The three party cabinet splits over the nuclear power issue
Conservative Party (Moderates) leaves coalition because of disagreement over the tax-system
The government lost a vote of no confidence in the Riksdag over its housing policy following the results of a Government Inquiry, presented on June 4, 2021, on not requiring controlled or negotiated rents on new rental housing.
Eden resigned following Suez Crisis, citing personal reasons
Macmillan resigned because of Profumo scandal
Early election called to gain a working majority
Heath called election to determine 'who runs Britain?'
Minority government seeking working majority
Thatcher resigned after failing to win party leadership election in first round
Early elections were called due to strong polling.
Early election called because of demands arising from EU presidency and G8 summit in later parts of 2005.
Blair voluntarily resigned in May and in June Brown's government took over.
Cameron resigned after the leave option won in the 2016 EU referendum.
Early election called to gain mandate for negotiating Brexit
May announced that she would resign as leader of the Conservative party on May 24, 2019, following three failed attempts to pass a withdrawal and implementation bill on the UK's withdrawal from the EU, opposed among others by factions within the Conservative party. She formally resigned on July 24 after Boris Johnson had been elected the new leader of the Conservative party.
An impasse in the British parliament over Brexit
Sunak called a general election. The parliament  would have automatically dissolved on Tuesday 17 December 2024,
State insolvency, escalating public protest, the new coalition cabinet is instrumental for the pacted transition
Following intraparty conflicts in SDS, its parliamentary party fraction erodes and the supporter party DPS becomes ambivalent seeking a new format of parliamentary majority
BSP encourages the resignation of the PM anticipating electoral victory and single-party majority in the next parliament - this contradicts to the position of coalition partners NI and DPS which continue to support the cabinet; the move is supported by and coordinated with the parliamentary opposition (SDS)
cabinet appointed by president (discretionary power), the parliament is dissolved
State insolvency, escalating public protest, intraparty conflicts in the governing BSP leading to voluntary resignation of PM and simultaneous change in party leadership
Following intraparty conflicts in NDSV the parliamentary party fraction splits and on 10.03.2004 a new parliamentary group of NV was formed. In February 2005 coalition partner DPS being in policy conflict with NDSV utilizes the situation by dismissing a deputy PM and blocking the privatization of Bulgartabac
Public protests erupted in early 2013 throughout the country mostly focused on high energy prices, the monopoly over energy provision and other social concerns. Following some violent clashes with the police, Borissov submitted the resignation of the Cabinet in February 2013
Public protests against Oresharski cabinet continued for a year. European Parliament elections on 12 May 2014 showed a dramatic decrease in the support of the leading coalition party (BSP) and the supporting party (ATAKA).The small coalition partner (DPS), which almost doubled its results demanded early elections obviously intending to play a swing-party role in the next parliament. BSP had no means to oppose DPS as a banking crisis erupted, allegedly caused by a disreputable DPS politician. The PM regardless of being a BSP nominee took the DPS side and early elections became inevitable.
PM Denkov resigned in line with the rotation agreement between GERB and PP-DB. Failure to renew the government programme failed.
Caretaker government tasked to hold election.
PM Zhelyazkov resigned due to widespread protests'
The increasing economic problems, tension and conflicts within the coalition after the scandal with founding of ODS was discovered in autumn 1997 led to internal crisis. KDU-CSL and ODA left the coalition. The cabinet resigned on 30. November 1997 and continue as cabinet in resignation until the new Tošovský cabinet was appointed on 2 January 1998
A nonrecurring constitutional bill passed, stating that the electoral term of the Chamber of Deputies was going to end by the date of early elections held on 30th June 1998
The KDU-CSL ministers left the government, after unsuccessful pressure of the party for a replacement of PM Gross. The reason for that were PM's personal financial unclearnesses, as funding of apartment purchase or unclear credit for purchase of real estate by the Prime Minister wife
Resignation of PM Gross, enabling continuation of previous coalition formula (Gross I)
On 24.3.2009 vote of confidence was held in the Chamber of Deputies, initiated by the opposition parties ČSSD and KSCM, and the Chamber expressed no confidence. It was first government in the history of the Czech Republic which was overthrown by the vote of non-confidence. There were 101 MPs for the non-confidence expression, 96 MPs against.  In addition to all deputies from opposition ČSSD  (71) and KSCM (26) voted against the government also two rebels from ODS Vlastimil Tlustý and Jan Schwippel and two former deputies for SZ - Vera Jakubková and Olga Zubová.
On the 3rd April 2012, the leaders of VV announced that their ministers will leave the government by the 1st May. However, one day later all 3 ministers of VV (2 of them are not MPs) led by deputy prime minister Karolina Peake announced that they refused to resign. On the 17th April Peake stated that she was leaving VV and was establishing a new fraction called LIDEM, which is meant to support the Nečas cabinet. In the following days she succeeded in gaining support from 7 other VV MPs, who consequently left the PPG of VV. The LIDEM fraction officially turned to become a party on the 29th May 2012, when it was registered by the Ministry of Interior as a political party
PM Petr Nečas resigned on 17.6. 2013 after his closest co-worker, the Managing Director of the Section of the PM Jana Nagyova was put under arrest and accused of misuse of the Millitary Intelligence Agency which should be following up Nečas’ wife. The police also suspects Nagyova of corruption behaviour consisting in organizing high-profile posts in state-owned enterprises for three former ODS factioning MP`s who opposed the state budget bill and later have voluntarily resigned on their MP mandate and so enabled that the Nečas cabinet bill on state budget was passed. The arrest of Nagyova was a part of a larger anti-corruption police operation and included prosecution of former MPs, Military Intelligence officials and influential businessmen suspect of manipulating state tenders
absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies (Lower Chambre)
First popularly elected president elected on 2013-01-11
An investiture vote not passed. However cabinet stayed in office till appointment of new cabinet formed after early elections
The coalition was undergoing a crisis due to unclear property relations of the Deputy Prime Minister,  Minister of Finance and President of the ANO Movement Andrey Babis. The weakening positions of Prime Minister and Chairman of CSSD S. Sobotka. In June 2017 he resigned as chairman of the party but remained PM.
The Pirates withdrew from the coalition after PM Fiala sacked Deputy Prime Minister for Digitalisation and Minister for Regional Development, Ivan Bartoš, over poor policy implementation.
Laar's Fatherland coalition of proto-parties started to crumble in mid-1993 and by 1994 there was open opposition to his leadership. Things came to a head, when it was revealed that Laar had lied about turning over 1.4 billion Soviet rubles to the Chechen govt in exchange for dollars. A motion of no-confidence was tabled on September 26, 1994 and quickly passed by a margin on 60-27
In fall 1995 KE leader Edgar Savisaar was revealed to have secretly tape recorded conversation he had with other politicians during coalition negotiations, causing PM Vähi to ask President Meri to fire him, which the President did. After that, Vähi decided also to resign the cabinet
When after local elections in Nov 1996, Vähi's EK decided to form a coalition in the Tallinn City Council with the Center Party, his national partner, ER, decided to leave the coalition in protest
Vähi's personal resignation came after it was revealed that while serving as mayor of Tallinn in the mid-1990s he had acquired some apartments in the old town for a fraction of their real value
The coalition had bickered over several issues, but when Laar's IL was unable to convince ER about the need for local government reform, Laar called it quits
Justice Minister Ken-Marti Vaher lost a no-confidence vote, upon which Parts announced that his coalition was over. The defeat was essentially vis-a-vis Parts and ResP, and less so against the cabinet as a whole, since one of the coalition members, ER, defected and voted against Vaher, thereby signaling its overall disillusionment with the coalition
Ansip threw out the SDE ministers over disputes concerning unemployment benefits and budgetary constraints. Ansip wanted to reduce benefits and raise payroll taxes, which the SDE objected to, until Ansip had President Ilves remove them from his cabinet
Ansip resigned to stand for the European Parliament and become EU Commissioner
Loss of trust between members: breaking promises and resenting each other, criticizing persons disrespectfully in public
The EK faced a corruption scandal related to financing the party, and the Prime Minister decided to resign as a pre-emptive move. There has also been prolonged intra-coalition conflict on the public referendum (on the constitutional status of marriage) planned by EKRE
Growing distrust between two coalition partners. It eventually culminated when EK sided with the opposition parties in important votings in the parliament
Kallas resigned after being elected High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy in the European Commission.
Estonia's Reform Party Prime Minister Kristen Michal expeled the Social Democratic Party SDE from the government due to a disagreement over taxes.
The FKGP left the coalition on 24.02.1992
The PM challenged the coalition partner with his nomination to a portfolio (after a less successful electoral performance at the EP elections)
Removal of a minister from the area of the coalition partner plus loss of confidence in PM after his leaked speech on false campaign promises
The aim was to hand over the Prime Ministership to someone who is accepted by MSzP and SzDSz alike. Also the PM was unpopular and the economic crisis hit the country
Insufficient govt. support to farming; LC vs LZS
Coalition parties agreed to get rid of non-partisan PM; Šķēle vs all coalition parties
Rejected budget; TP defected from coalition
Pressure against JL leader Repše; JL vs TP and LPP
TP left coalition on eve of elections citing economic policy differences
Collapse of a supermarket building in Rīga
political infighting between PM Straujuma and Party Chair Solvita Āboltiņa
KPV LV lost popular support and was pushed out of the coalition
PM Kariņš stated his intention to hand in the government's resignation on August 17 at a press conference held on August 14, claiming that National Alliance and the United List had opposed a proposed government reshuffle.
A snap election was held due to the Schoof II cabinet collapse after the exsit of PVV
The immediate cause of cabinet termination was the case called "Macierewicz (Internal Affairs Minister) envelope". It was a list of 80 names secret collaborators of Ministry of Internal Affairs
The government collapsed because of a series of protests of trade unions. On May 28, 1993 the Sejm passed by a majority of one vote of no confidence for the Suchocka cabinet. On May 29, 1993 President Lech Walesa did not accept the resignation of the  Suchocka cabinet and dissolved parliament
17/10/1992 "Small Constitution", constructive vote of no-confidence was optional
Small Constitution in effect since october 16, 1992; first presidential election held on November 5, 1995
The cabinet of Prime Minister Waldemar Pawlak resigned on March 1, 1995, as a result of disputes between the coalition partners (the controversy surrounding the methods of work of  Prime Minister Pawlak), personal crises and the policies of President Lech Walesa. SLD withdrew the support for PM Pawlak
The cabinet of Prime Minister Jozef Oleksy resigned on January 26, 1996, because the Military Prosecutor's Office opened an investigation against the charges against the prime minister (allegation of spying for Russia)
new constitution in effect since April 2, 1997; first presidential election under new constitution on October 8, 2000
Disintegration of the coalition because of a conflict about the management of the City of Warsaw (Warsaw city coalition and the position of mayor)
Conflict within the coalition on the law on biofuels and charges for the use of motorways
The fall of the cabinet followed the series of scandals within SLD (e.g. Rywingate), resignation of PM
Too much public support for Marcinkiewicz (threat to the PiS leader J. Kaczynski)
Disintegration of the coalition as a result of the so-called land scandal
Tusk's resignation after being elected President of the European Council
On December 7, 2017, the Sejm rejected a vote of no confidence in the government of Beata Szydło, on December 8, 2017 Beata Szydło resigned.
Conflict over the amendment to the media law. Leader of Porozumienie dismissed from the post of deputy prime minister August 10, 2021, August 11 Porozumienie announced the withdrawal of the United Right coalition.
Polish Affairs (PS) joined the coalition in 2022
Miners' rampage on Bucharest combined with conflict over policies between PM and President (both from the same party)
Minority cabinet searching for a more stable parliamentary majority
According to Art. 100 of the RO Constitution, some decrees need to be countersigned by PM, but not all
Conflict over policies (bilateral treaty with Hungary) plus proximity of legislative elections (parties need to distance themselves from the government
Major cabinet reshuffle (cabinet asks for renewed confidence; as a side effect, one minor party loses its cabinet seat)
"Either him or me" - part 1: conflict between PM and one cabinet member triggered by/combined with conflict over policies
"Either him or the coalition" - part 2: PM undesired by almost all coalition parties, was forced to resign; PDL to come back in cabinet
One party leaves the cabinet and the coalition - unhappy with the policies of the cabinet
PM "revoked" by the President; PM forced to resign as he lost the trust of the coalition parties
One party (PSDR) forms a new coalition with main opposition party, is therefore excluded from cabinet
Coalition between PSD and PC breaks, PC excluded from cabinet
in effect since October 29, 2003; first president elected under new rules on December 20, 2004
Major tensions between coalition parties has led to exclusion of one party from the cabinet (minority cabinet gets the confidence of the parliament with the help of the major opposition party
Conflict over personnel (revocation by PDL of the PSD Minister of Interior)
PM decided to resign: his government has become increasingly unpopular
Break-up of the governing coalition (PNL leaves the cabinet)
Presidential elections have forced UDMR to leave the cabinet (Hungarians voted overwehlmingly against the PM who also also a runnerup in the presidential elections)
Major fire in capital highlights corruption, protesters ask for PM resignation; PM resigns
PM refuses to resign; is deafeated by motion of no confidence lead by own party PSD
ALDE withdraws from cabinet; cabinet becomes increasingly unpopular
Planned but delayed resignation as part of the coalition's power sharing agreement.
PM party resigns after a their candidate failed to gather enough support in presidential election second round
SNS stopped supporting the cabinet, the only member of the cabinet from SNS left the government
The government was terminated after ĽS-HZDS signed the coalition agreement with SNS
After the annual speech of the President about the state of the Republic, a group of MPs left ĽS-HZDS, few days later in vote of no-confidence, the government failed
President popularly elected from 1998, and appoints formateur, however parties easily can overcome this appointment.
After the dismissal of Pavol Rusko (Chairman of ANO), the coalition has ended
KDH left the coalition after the coalition parties rejected the Agreement with the Vatican
The government did not succeed in vote of no confidence, since the vote was held together with the vote on EFSF, and SaS abstained on the vote, thus the government did not gain the confidence of the parliament
disintegration of the "Sieť", change to a three-party coalition
mass protests and the political crisis after the murder of investigative journalist J. Kuciak with demands for resignation of PM Fico and Ministry of Inferior. These demands supported by MH.  The coalition continued with a new prime minister and a reconstructed government
Resigned after his handling of the Covid-19 pandemic. Matovič bought Russia's coronavirus vaccine without consulting his coalition partners in government.
PM and the coalition government was subject of vote of no confidence. Conflict was over privatization of state property and the way how previous economic system should be deconstructed and ideological issues as well
when the parliament cannot meet due to war or state of emergency
Government coalition mandate was ended by regular Parliamentary election
One of political parties (SDS) left the coalition. Withdrawal of SDS in 1996 was a consequence of dismissal of Janez Janša as a disagreement with his politics which presupposes rather high degree of autonomy of military security service. He was accused of its abuse in political purposes
One of political parties (SD) left the coalition. PM demanded from minister of economy, who was a member of SD, to resign due to incorrectness related to state funding. He refused and since PM persisted on his demand, SD left the coalition
PM and the coalition government was subject of vote of confidence.  One of the coalition parties, namely SLS, left the coalition and united with SKD, which was at the time in opposition. SKD conditioned their union with SLS was that SLS left the coalition. As a consequence political crisis outburst.  New candidates for ministers, proposed by PM in order to end the political crisis, was motions of vote of confidence
PM ran for the President of Republic of Slovenia and won
One of political parties (SLS) left the coalition. According to an interview with one very influential member of SLS, the party was pushed away from the most important coalition decision
One of political parties (DeSUS) left the coalition. Disagreement over implementation of pension policy
One of political parties (Zares) left the coalition. Zares demanded from PM to propose reconstruction of government. Since this did not take place, Zares left the coalition
PM and the coalition government was subject of vote of confidence which led to early Parliamentary election. The cause was general belief that the PM and the parties which still persist in coalition are no longer capable of governing and facing the economic crisis. New candidates for ministers, proposed by PM in order to end the political crisis, was motions of vote of confidence
One political party (DL) left the coalition after the Commission for the Prevention of Corruption publically announced that the Prime Minister Janez Janša systematically and repeatedly violated the law by failing to properly report his assets, yet the Prime Minister refused to step down to preserve the coalition government
PM and the coalition government was subject of vote of no confidence
The cabinet was terminated due to resignation of the PM, which was caused by the split in the biggest governmental party over the leadership position (in the PS)
The government was terminated not long from regular Parlamentary elections due to PM resignation. The reason for PM resignation was conflict among coalition parties. Early election follows.
The PM resigned after he accepted resignation of the minister of finance and the PM's recognition that minority government does not enable sucessful governance any more.
DeSUS left the government due to policies and politics conducted by the PM and the government; democracy backsliding
SMC merged with GAS to form new party Konkretno.
Government coalition mandate was ended by regular Parliamentary election.
Mesic was elected as Croatia's member of the federal Collective State Presidency of Yugoslavia.
With the outbreak of the Yugoslavian civil war, president Tudjman dismissed Manolic as PM and appointed Greguric to head a government with the mandate to form the new government.
President has decree power in the case of war or national emergency, but while the President uses this power Parliament cannot be dissolved. When this period ends, the President has to submit decrees to the Parliament for the confirmation.
HSLS withdrew from the cabinet following the diagreement over the peace agreement and the inability of the cabinet to influence presidential decisions.
HNS withdrew from the cabinet following the passage of a controversial piece of legislation according special status to Serbs living in the Knin and Glina districts.
On June 24, 1992, President Tudjman called the first elections, both presidential and parliamentary, under Croatia’s new constitution for August 2.
The stated reason for Sarinic’s resignation was the recent election to the upper house of the Croatian legislature, amidst popular resentment due to a number of financial scandals and a poor economic climate.
Terminated by early elections called by the government attempting to capitalize on important military victories over Serbian forces in May.
Terminated by regular election. The election was originally scheduled for December 22, 1999, but was postponed due to President Tudjman’s poor health.
The Istrian Democratic League (IDS) withdrew from the government, including its only minister, following continued policy differences with the other members of the coalition. The final catalyst was IDS planning to give the Italian language legal status in Istria and make the county officially bilingual.
Racan resigned on July 5, following policy differences within the ruling coalition. The Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS), one of the coalition members, did not support the ratification of an agreement with Slovenia on the use and funding of a nuclear power plant, as it required Croatia to dispose of nuclear waste.
DC’s sole minister, Vesna Škare Ožbolt, was dismissed from the government on February 9, 2006, over continued criticism from her against the government.
Parliament voted to dissolve itself on October 12, in order to hold elections due by November. Elections were held on November 25.
Sanader unexpectedly resigned as prime minister on July 1, 2009, announcing his withdrawal from politics as well. Effectively no reason was given for his resignation.
HSLS withdrew from the government over policy differences and supposed allegations from HDZ that HSLS was a disloyal coalition partner.
Oreskovic was successfully removed by a motion of no confidence initiated by HDZ. The day prior Deputy PM and HDZ leader Tomislav Karamarko had resigned amidst charges of conflicts of interest, averting a motion of no confidence from SDP that was crucially supported by MOST.
The coalition collapsed due to disagreements between the coalition partners arising during the Agrokor crisis in April 2017.
HDZ entered into a coalition agreement with HNS.
Watt was acting PM after Kirk's death. He was not elected by the L caucus as leader and so his brief tenure ended.
Infamously, Muldoon drunkenly called a snap election to surpise his Labour opponents and as a consequence of the resignation of Marilyn Waring over policy dissagreements.
Infighting in L over the direction of tax policy.
Performing badly in the polls, Labour made a last minute leadership change before the upcoming election.
the cabinet collapsed when Ross Meurant was sacked from Parliament for accepting a position as director of a Russian owned bank.
The N, NZF coalition collapsed due to disagreement over the sale of Wellington Airport. There were also personality conflicts between party leaders.
After a long tenure as PM, Key said he wished to spend more time with his family.
Ardern said she "no longer had enough in the tank" to continue on as PM and lead the Labour Party to another election.
Forde became PM on the death in office of John Curtin. He held the prime ministership until Ben Chifley was elected leader of the Australian Labor Party.
Double Dissolution election after Senate defeated the Menzies government's banking legislation
Menzies sought to capitalise on the ALP split and the splintering into the DLP. Public reason was for synchronisation of House elections with Senate elections
Early election due to gain an increased majority for the House
Voluntary resignation of Menzies in favour of Harold Holt
McEwen became PM on the death in office of Harold Holt. He held the prime ministership until the senior Coalition party, the Liberal Party, elected a new leader.
Gorton resigned after a tied party vote of confidence in his leadership on 10 March 1971.
Double Dissolution election after Senate defeated 6 Whitlam government bills
Sir John Kerr dismissed the Whitlam government and appointed Malcolm Fraser as Prime Minister due to the Australian constitutional crisis.
This double dissolution election was held after Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed the government of Gough Whitlam and appointed Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister due to the Australian constitutional crisis. Fraser adviced double dissolution.
Mostly to synchronise House elections with Senate elections
Politically motivated early election. Fraser sought an electoral advangtage with this timing. Double dissolution was based on Senate defeats of legislation.
Synchronisation of House elections with Senate elections and new size of both chambers.
Double dissolution but also Hawke sought to take advantage of divisions within the opposition.
Hawke resigned from parliament after Keating defeated him in a leadership ballot on 20 December 1991.
Howard sought an electoral mandate for the new Goods and Services Tax
Rudd lost the leadership in an ALP parliamentary party ballot to Julia Gillard.
Gillard lost the leadership in an ALP parliamentary party ballot to Kevin Rudd.
Abbott lost the leadership in a Liberal parliamentary party ballot to Malcolm Turnbull.
Turnbull resigned amidst internal pressure on his leadership. Scott Morrison defeated Peter Dutton in Liberal parliamentary party leadership ballot.
PM King resigns after a total of 21 years as a PM. Retirment due to health reasons.
Diefenbaker dissolved parliament and called for a snap election with the objective of forming a majority government
Diefenbaker's governmet lost two non-confidence motions and had also an internal split over the issue of  stationing American nuclear missiles on Canadian soil for protection from possible Soviet attack.
PM Pearson resigned after Canada's centennial celebrations and retires from politics.
Lost a motion of confidence when government failed to pass the 1974 budget – NDP informal agreement fell and the party voted with the opposition
Minority government that failed to pass the 1979 budget.
PM Trudeau retired after 15 years (non-consecutive) as PM
Called for an early election, not long after succeedig Trudeau, with the hopes of building his popularity
PM Mulroney resigned after polls dropped to an unprecedented low of 16 percent
Election called for October 25, 1993, near the end of 5-year term when Campbell succeeded Mulroney
Called for an early election to take advantage of favourable polls
PM Chretien once again announced an early election. This time due to a good "timing" of the election (favourable opinion polls, catch Canadian Alliance out of guard)
PM Chretien resigned under pressure, facing a likely leadership review (Martin was vying to succeed him)
Defeated in motion-of no confidence following the Gomery Commission
Called for early election after polls showed increase in Conservative support
Budget was not passed. Days later Parliament was dissolved after a motion of non-confidence against the government (in contempt of Parliament)
Framed the election as a decision on political parties' post-Covid-19 policies. However, most of the media and voters interpreted the election as Trudeau's quest to recapture a Liberal majority government, while capitalizing on strong polling and his government’s record in handling the health and economic crises of the pandemic.
Trudeau announced his intent to resign as leader of the Liberal Party and PM on the 6th of January this followed the resignation of Minister of Finance Chrystia Freeland on the 16th of December, which prompted calls for his resignation both within the Liberal Party and from the opposition.
Dissolved over a dispute with the United Religious Party on the subject of the education in the transit camps, as well as an internal crisis in the Prime Minister’s party over the liquidation of the Ministry of Rationing and Supply and the appointment of a businessman as Minister of Trade and Industry
"Once a new government must be formed, after consulting the representatives of the Parliamentary Groups, the President of the State shall assign the task of forming a government to one of the Knesset Members, who has agreed to do so. The President shall assign the said task within seven days from the publication of the election results, or from the day on which the need to form a new government was created, and in the case of the death of the Prime Minister - within 14 days of his death" (article 7a).
PM resigned after the government lost a vote on a motion for the agenda – again on the subject of education in the transit camps.
The government resigned due to a dispute with the religious parties over religious education.
Dissolved upon Ben Gurion’s retirement from public life and his settlement in Kibbutz Sde Boker.
Dissolved following the decision of coalition members, the General Zionists faction, to abstain in a no-confidence motion in the Government, while refusing to resign from it.
The government was dissolved following failed attempts to prevent leaks from government meetings and to obtain coalition discipline (Ben Guiron accuses Ahdut Haavoda ministers of leaking a government secret)
Mapai, Mapam, AH, MP, RDAY, Mafdal, KiVe, HU
Mafdal resigns from government after no new law was introduced in Parliament reversing the High Court decision of Friday on the question of who is a Jew.
Government was dissolved following the votes of Mapam and Ahdut Ha’avoda against the government policy to sell arms to Germany (which had no diplomatic relations with Israel at the time), while refusing to resign from the government.
PM resigns after the foundings of the Lavon affair and growing criticism of Ben Gurion from coalition member parties (United Workers’ Party, Ahdut Ha’avoda and the Progressive Party)
Eskhol resigns due conflicts with Ben-Guiron about the "Lavon Affair"
Rafi and Gahal joins due to the outbreak of the Six Day War
Gahal resigns in protest of the governments acceptance of the Roger's Plan.
Resigned after the Agranat Commission’s Interim Report which investigated the circumstances leading to the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War.
Cabinet resigned following an abstention of two of the three ministers from the National Religious Party in a no-confidence motion on the desecration of Shabbat
Early elections due to increasing political difficulties and diminshing support in Parliament.
Movement for the Renewal of Social breaks away from Telem and stays in government after Dayan’s death in 1981, internal turmoil brought about the dissolution of the party.
Begin resigns PM Begin resigns due to health problems
Early election due to political pressure.
A filed a vote of no confidence over PM refusing peace talks with Palestinians
Tzomet resigned from the Government in protest over the Madrid Conference.
Moledet – resigned from the Government in protest over the Madrid Conference.
SHAS left after the signing of the Oslo Accords
Peres decided to call early elections in order to give the government a mandate to advance the peace process.
One (Gesher) left coalition  in a disagreement over the 1998 budget
Early election was called as an attempt to break the deadlock and the bitter infighting over the Palestinian peace accord.
Barak resigned after loosing the direct elections for Prime Minister.
YBA an HH T left government after not thinking Sharon acted forcefully enough against the Palestinians.
Gesher resigns from goverment after criticizing the economic plan proposed by the governemnt and how decision were made.
PM Sharon dissolved parliament and called early elections, nine months before the scheduled date, after the Labour Party, his largest coalition partner, had withdrawn from government in a dispute over the 2003 budget.
HH T leaves goverment after disagrement of Gaza disengagement plan
Mafdal leaves goverment after disagrement of Gaza disengagement plan
Shinui were dismissed from the government over their failure to support the budget
Sharon quit Likud and form centrist party
The Prime Minister’s stroke and hospitalization had brought Ehud Olmert to serve as Interim Prime Minister.
YB leaves government in protest at peace talks with the Palestinian National Authority.
Olmert announced he would resign in the face of multiple corruption investigations and the new Kadima party leader suggested early election after not being able to form a new government.
Ehud Barak and four other Knesset Members split from the Labor Party and formed the Haatz which joined the coalition. As a result, the government ministers affiliated with the Labor Party resigned their positions.
Kadima left coalition due to dispute over the Tal law.
Early election was called on the backdrop of the difficulties in passing the 2013 budget.
PM fires finance and justice minister, calls for the dissolution of government and early elections. This is due to opposition within the government.
Yisrael Beitenu quit the coalition in protest of Gaza casefire.
Netanyahu was not able to form a government
L, KL, SHAS, YH, Labor, Derekh Eretz, One, HH
The deadline to pass the budget expired and according to Israeli law the cabinet needed to dissolve.
92-0 vote concludes the slow motion ending to Bennett’s run as prime minister. There has been longterm policy conflicts between the coalition parties. The last blow came when the government failed to renew an emergency law that preserves the two-tier legal system in the occupied West Bank.
Caretaker cabinet tasked to create a snap election on the first of november 2022.
New Hope leaves the alliance, National Unity (NUP)
New Hope resigns from the coalition following Gideon Sa'ar not being appointed a minister with portfolio
National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir (Otzma Yehudit) resigns from the government following the cabinet's acceptance of the three-phase Gaza war ceasefire proposal.
Otzma Yehudit rejoined the government following Ben Gvir's reappointment as police minister.
United Torah Judaism and Shas resign from the government after failure to pass a law exempting yeshiva students from military service.
A leftist faction inside JSP declared it would become the opposition; it voted down the government's budget proposal.  DP and JSP often had policy conflicts esp over coal mine nationalization.  Some DP members defected from the government's proposals.
A corruption scandal (Showa Denko scandal).  A cabinet minister was arrested.
PM Yoshida said "Bakayaro" (stupid) in the question session, resulting in a no confidence motion.
A corruption scandal (Zosen Gigoku scandal) resulted in the loss of popularity.  The opposition threatened with a no confidence motion.
Resigned after a very controversial US-Japan Security Treaty.
A corruption scandal (Tanaka Money scandal).
Pressured to resign because of the LDP's electoral loss in 1976.
Some factions voted for a no confidence motion staged by the opposition. As the motion was passed, the election was called, but PM Ohira died during the campaign.
Voluntarily resigned as the LDP leadership term terminated.
LDP loss in the upper house election, popularity decline, and a sex scandal.
Factions forced PM to resign as the government failed to pass the political reform bill.
One faction voted for a no confidence motion staged by the opposition. As the motion was passed, the election was called.
JRP, JNP, NPS, and JSP had policy conflicts over a new VAT.  PM Hosokawa also had a scandal over loans from a controversial company Sagawa.
DSP, JNP, JRP, K, SDF, Mirai, LP1994, DRP
The opposition threatened with a no confidence motion.
Resigned as the economy went bad after the increase of the VAT rate.  The LDP also lost the upper house election.
LP left the coalition as LDP rejected a party merger proposed by LP.  Defectors from LP formed NCP to stay in the government.
Several scandals (KSD scandal, Foreign Affairs Ministry scandal, etc).  Mori also made slips of the toungue, resulting in very low popularity.
PM Abe cited health reasons, but LDP was very unpopular after it invited its former members (who defected in 2005) and some ministers had money scandals. It also lost the 2007 upper house election.
Government became unpopular thanks to DPJ's obstructionist strategy.  Note that LDP lost a majority in the upper house in 2007.
SDP left the coalition over the issue of the US military base in Okinawa.
Government became unpopular because of some money scandals involving PM and DPJ Secretary-General.  SDP's withdrawal from the coalition also had a negative impact.
Government became unpopular as it was not so effective in dealing with the Great Earthquake and the nuclear reactor problem.  Some DPJ members joined a no confidence motion, which was rejected.
DPJ collaborated with LDP to increase the VAT rate in exchange for the dissolution of the lower house.  Since the VAT rate increase was not in DPJ's manifesto in the 2009 election, lots of defectors from DPJ ensued.
Government became unpopular thanks to its mishandling of COVID19.
PM Takaichi dissolved parliament on the 23rd of Jan 2026 to hold a snap election, benefiting from poll boosts.