The REPDEM research infrastructure contains information on governments, parliaments, and political parties for (mainly European) parliamentary democracies. This information has been gathered in collaboration with a broad network of country experts but also via a comprehensive review of available research.
Please note that the so-called basic datasets largely rely on in-house coding and does not contain the so-called governance variables (e.g., conflict management mechanisms), and other variables that require country experts on coalition politics. However, these data are available in the PAGED: Central Eastern and Western Europe datasets.
If you discover any errors, please contact info@repdem.org.
The Representative Democracy Data Archive (REPDEM) – Basic datasets
Government Dataset – REPDEM Basic
Party Dataset – REPDEM Basic
Potential Governments Dataset – REPDEM Basic
Periodized dataset – REPDEM Basic
Party Government in Europe Database (PAGED) – Basic datasets
Government Dataset – PAGED Basic
Party Dataset – PAGED Basic
Potential Governments Dataset – PAGED Basic
Periodized dataset – PAGED Basic
PAGED: Central Eastern Europe and Western Europe Dataset
Government Dataset
Party Dataset
Potential Governments Dataset
Periodized Dataset
The Representative Democracy Data Archive (REPDEM) - Basic datasets
Government Dataset- REPDEM Basic
The REPDEM basic dataset contains data on governments, parliaments, political parties, and political institutions for 33 parliamentary democracies in the World from 1945 (or a country’s democratic transition) to September 2025.
The dataset expands the PAGED basic dataset on Europe with several non-European countries and provides detailed information on important aspects of government formation and government termination.
How to cite
When using the data, cite the following:
Hellström, Johan, Torbjörn Bergman, Jonas Lindahl, and Elsa Karlsson Gustafsson (2025). The Representative Democracy Data Archive (REPDEM) – Basic dataset, Version 2025.09. REPDEM is part of and funded by DEMSCORE, national research infrastructure grant 2021-00162 from the Swedish Research Council. Available on https://repdem.org.
Party Dataset- REPDEM Basic
The REPDEM basic dataset contains data on governments, parliaments, political parties, and political institutions for 33 parliamentary democracies in the World from 1945 (or a country’s democratic transition) to September 2025. The unit of analysis in the Party datasets is individual political parties.
The dataset expands the PAGED basic dataset on Europe with several non-European countries and provides detailed information on important aspects of government formation and government termination.
How to cite
When using the data, cite the following:
Hellström, Johan, Torbjörn Bergman, Jonas Lindahl, and Elsa Karlsson Gustafsson (2025). The Representative Democracy Data Archive (REPDEM) – Basic dataset, Version 2025.09. REPDEM is part of and funded by DEMSCORE, national research infrastructure grant 2021-00162 from the Swedish Research Council. Available on https://repdem.org.
Potential Governments Dataset- REPDEM Basic
The REPDEM basic dataset contains data on data on potential coalitions (proto-coalitions) for 33 parliamentary democracies in the World from 1945 (or a country’s democratic transition) to September 2025.
The dataset expands the PAGED basic dataset on Europe with several non-European countries and provides detailed information on important aspects of government formation and government termination.
The dataset helps in modelling the choice of political parties to decide on one government alternative from a set of choice alternatives or potential governments. In the data, each row provides the full information for one choice (a potential government) nested in a government formation opportunity. The number of potential cabinets (or choices) is 2^n-1, where n denotes the number of parliamentary parties at a given government formation opportunity. For instance, if there are five parliamentary parties in a party system this means that there are 31 potential cabinets (i.e. rows) in a given government formation opportunity. In the dataset, there is also an indicator variable taking the value 1 for the government that formed and 0 otherwise.
Please note that the datafile is compressed to save space. You need to unzip/decompress the file before usage.
How to cite
When using the data, cite the following:
Hellström, Johan, Torbjörn Bergman, Jonas Lindahl, and Elsa Karlsson Gustafsson (2025). The Representative Democracy Data Archive (REPDEM) – Basic dataset, Version 2025.09. REPDEM is part of and funded by DEMSCORE, national research infrastructure grant 2021-00162 from the Swedish Research Council. Available on https://repdem.org.
REPDEM potential coalitions dataset (Sep 2025) Stata format
REPDEM Basic potential coalitions dataset (Sep 2025) csv format
Periodized dataset - REPDEM Basic
The datasets below are mainly intended to be used for empirical models that require time-varying data on a yearly, quarterly, or monthly basis. Please note that the data sometimes contain two different governments the same year/quarter/month. This is the case when there is change of government and new government came into power the same year, quarter, or month as the old government resigned.
The REPDEM basic dataset contains data on governments, parliaments, political parties, and political institutions for 33 parliamentary democracies in the World from 1945 (or a country’s democratic transition) to September 2025.
The dataset expands the PAGED basic dataset on Europe with several non-European countries and provides detailed information on important aspects of government formation and government termination.
How to cite
When using the data, cite the following:
Hellström, Johan, Torbjörn Bergman, Jonas Lindahl, and Elsa Karlsson Gustafsson (2025). The Representative Democracy Data Archive (REPDEM) – Basic dataset, Version 2025.09. REPDEM is part of and funded by DEMSCORE, national research infrastructure grant 2021-00162 from the Swedish Research Council. Available on https://repdem.org.
Party Government in Europe Database (PAGED) – Basic dataset
Government Dataset- PAGED Basic
- Please see the change log for corrections and minor additions.
The basic dataset is a comparative dataset that builds on previous datasets at REPDEM and has been updated in-house to December 2024. Some additional variables have been added, but the data does not contain the so-called governance variables (e.g., conflict management mechanisms), and other variables that require country experts on coalition politics.
The dataset provides detailed information on important aspects of government formation and government termination in 28 European countries from 1945 (or their democratic transitions) to the end of 2024.
How to cite
When using the data, cite the following:
- Hellström, Johan, Torbjörn Bergman, Jonas Lindahl, and Elsa Karlsson Gustafsson (2025). The Representative Democracy Data Archive (REPDEM) – Basic dataset, Version 2025.03. REPDEM is part of and funded by DEMSCORE, national research infrastructure grant 2021-00162 from the Swedish Research Council. Available on https://repdem.org.
Party Dataset- PAGED Basic
- Please see the change log for corrections and minor additions.
The basic dataset is a comparative dataset that builds on previous datasets at REPDEM and has been updated in-house to December 2024. Some additional variables have been added, but the data does not contain the so-called governance variables (e.g., conflict management mechanisms), and other variables that require country experts on coalition politics. The unit of analysis in the Party datasets is individual political parties.
How to cite
When using the data, cite the following:
- Hellström, Johan, Torbjörn Bergman, Jonas Lindahl, and Elsa Karlsson Gustafsson (2024). Party Government in Europe Database (PAGED) – Basic dataset, Version 2024.12. REPDEM is part of and funded by DEMSCORE, national research infrastructure grant 2021-00162 from the Swedish Research Council. Available on https://repdem.org.
Potential Governments Dataset- PAGED Basic
- Please see the change log for corrections and minor additions.
The basic dataset is a comparative dataset that builds on previous datasets at REPDEM and has been updated in-house to December 2024. Some additional variables have been added, but the data does not contain the so-called governance variables (e.g., conflict management mechanisms), and other variables that require country experts on coalition politics.
The potential governments dataset helps in modelling the choice of political parties to decide on one government alternative from a set of choice alternatives or potential governments. In the data set each row provides the full information for one choice (a potential government) nested in a government formation opportunity. The number of potential cabinets (or choices) is 2^n-1, where n denotes the number of parliamentary parties at a given government formation opportunity. For instance, if there are five parliamentary parties in a party system this means that there are 31 potential cabinets (i.e. rows) in a given government formation opportunity. In the dataset, there is also an indicator variable taking the value 1 for the government that formed and 0 otherwise.
Please note that the datafile is compressed to save space. You need to unzip/decompress the file before usage.
How to cite
When using the data, cite the following:
- Hellström, Johan, Torbjörn Bergman, Jonas Lindahl, and Elsa Karlsson Gustafsson (2024). Party Government in Europe Database (PAGED) – Basic dataset, Version 2024.12. REPDEM is part of and funded by DEMSCORE, national research infrastructure grant 2021-00162 from the Swedish Research Council. Available on https://repdem.org.
Periodized Dataset - PAGED Basic
- Please see the change log for corrections and minor additions.
The datasets below are mainly intended to be used for empirical models that require time-varying data on a yearly, quarterly, or monthly basis. Please note that the data sometimes contain two different governments the same year/quarter/month. This is the case when there is change of government and new government came into power the same year, quarter, or month as the old government resigned.
The basic dataset is a comparative dataset that builds on previous datasets at REPDEM and has been updated in-house to December 2024. Some additional variables have been added, but the data does not contain the so-called governance variables (e.g., conflict management mechanisms), and other variables that require country experts on coalition politics.
How to cite
When using the data, cite the following:
- Hellström, Johan, Torbjörn Bergman, Jonas Lindahl, and Elsa Karlsson Gustafsson (2024). Party Government in Europe Database (PAGED) – Basic dataset, Version 2024.12. REPDEM is part of and funded by DEMSCORE, national research infrastructure grant 2021-00162 from the Swedish Research Council. Available on https://repdem.org.
PAGED: Central Eastern Europe and Western Europe Dataset
Government Dataset
- Please see the change log for corrections and minor additions.
This dataset contains data on governments, parliaments, political parties, and political institutions for Western Europe until 2019 and data for Central and Eastern Europe until 2021.
It includes data collected by experts on coalition politics in their respective countries using standardised coding instructions and interview guidelines. Specifically, the data were gathered from official documents (government, administration, and parliament) and party documents (election manifestos, coalition agreements), by conducting semi-structured interviews with (former) staff and cabinet members as well as a systemic analysis of media reports.
How to cite
Hellström, Johan, Torbjörn Bergman, Jonas Lindahl, Hanna Bäck, Gabriella Ilonszki, Wolfgang C. Müller, and Kaare Strøm (2025) Party Government in Europe Database (PAGED) – Coalition Governance in Central Eastern and Western Europe Dataset, Version 2024.12. REPDEM is part of and funded by DEMSCORE, national research infrastructure grant 2021-00162 from the Swedish Research Council. Available on https://repdem.org.
And
Bergman, Torbjörn, Hanna Bäck, and Johan Hellström (eds.). (2021). Coalition Governance in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
And
Bergman, Torbjörn, Gabriella Ilonszki, and Johan Hellström (eds.) (2024). Coalition Politics in Central Eastern Europe: Governing in Times of Crisis. London: Routledge.
Party Dataset
- Please see the change log for corrections and minor additions.
This dataset contains data on governments, parliaments and political parties for Western Europe until 2019 and data for Central and Eastern Europe until 2021. The unit of analysis in the Party datasets is individual political parties.
The dataset includes data collected by experts on coalition politics in their respective countries using standardised coding instructions and interview guidelines. Specifically, the data were gathered from official documents (government, administration, and parliament) and party documents (election manifestos, coalition agreements), by conducting semi-structured interviews with (former) staff and cabinet members as well as a systemic analysis of media reports.
How to cite
Hellström, Johan, Torbjörn Bergman, Jonas Lindahl, Hanna Bäck, Gabriella Ilonszki, Wolfgang C. Müller, and Kaare Strøm (2025) Party Government in Europe Database (PAGED) – Coalition Governance in Central Eastern and Western Europe Dataset, Version 2024.12. REPDEM is part of and funded by DEMSCORE, national research infrastructure grant 2021-00162 from the Swedish Research Council. Available on https://repdem.org.
And
Bergman, Torbjörn, Hanna Bäck, and Johan Hellström (eds.). (2021). Coalition Governance in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
And
Bergman, Torbjörn, Gabriella Ilonszki, and Johan Hellström (eds.) (2024). Coalition Politics in Central Eastern Europe: Governing in Times of Crisis. London: Routledge.
Potential Governments Dataset
- Please see the change log for corrections and minor additions.
This dataset contains data on potential coalitions (proto-coalitions) Western Europe until 2019 and data for Central and Eastern Europe until 2021.
The dataset helps in modelling the choice of political parties to decide on one government alternative from a set of choice alternatives or potential governments. In the data, each row provides the full information for one choice (a potential government) nested in a government formation opportunity. The number of potential cabinets (or choices) is 2^n-1, where n denotes the number of parliamentary parties at a given government formation opportunity. For instance, if there are five parliamentary parties in a party system this means that there are 31 potential cabinets (i.e. rows) in a given government formation opportunity. In the dataset, there is also an indicator variable taking the value 1 for the government that formed and 0 otherwise.
Please note that all files are compressed to save space. You need to unzip/decompress the files before usage.
How to cite
Hellström, Johan, Torbjörn Bergman, Jonas Lindahl, Hanna Bäck, Gabriella Ilonszki, Wolfgang C. Müller, and Kaare Strøm (2025) Party Government in Europe Database (PAGED) – Coalition Governance in Central Eastern and Western Europe Dataset, Version 2024.12. REPDEM is part of and funded by DEMSCORE, national research infrastructure grant 2021-00162 from the Swedish Research Council. Available on https://repdem.org.
And
Bergman, Torbjörn, Hanna Bäck, and Johan Hellström (eds.). (2021). Coalition Governance in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
And
Bergman, Torbjörn, Gabriella Ilonszki, and Johan Hellström (eds.) (2024). Coalition Politics in Central Eastern Europe: Governing in Times of Crisis. London: Routledge.
Periodized Dataset
The datasets below are mainly intended to be used for empirical models that require time-varying data on a yearly, quarterly, or monthly basis. Please note that the data sometimes contain two different governments the same year/quarter/month. This is the case when there is change of government and new government came into power the same year, quarter, or month as the old government resigned.
The Central Eastern Europe and Western Europe dataset contains data on governments, parliaments, political parties, and political institutions for Western Europe until 2019 and data for Central and Eastern Europe until 2021.
It includes data collected by experts on coalition politics in their respective countries using standardised coding instructions and interview guidelines. Specifically, the data were gathered from official documents (government, administration, and parliament) and party documents (election manifestos, coalition agreements), by conducting semi-structured interviews with (former) staff and cabinet members as well as a systemic analysis of media reports.
How to cite
Hellström, Johan, Torbjörn Bergman, Jonas Lindahl, Hanna Bäck, Gabriella Ilonszki, Wolfgang C. Müller, and Kaare Strøm (2025) Party Government in Europe Database (PAGED) – Coalition Governance in Central Eastern and Western Europe Dataset, Version 2024.12. REPDEM is part of and funded by DEMSCORE, national research infrastructure grant 2021-00162 from the Swedish Research Council. Available on https://repdem.org.
And
Bergman, Torbjörn, Hanna Bäck, and Johan Hellström (eds.). (2021). Coalition Governance in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
And
Bergman, Torbjörn, Gabriella Ilonszki, and Johan Hellström (eds.) (2024). Coalition Politics in Central Eastern Europe: Governing in Times of Crisis. London: Routledge.